J'ai commencé mes recherches dans la première moitié des années 1980, en exil politique en France. J'ai alors eu accès à des sources, à de la documentation et à des travaux qui, pour des raisons politiques, n'étaient pas disponibles dans mon pays, en Pologne. Je me suis notamment rendu dans la Bibliothèque de documentation internationale contemporaine et dans la Bibliothèque Symon Petliura à Paris. De là, j'ai également pu me rendre à l'Institut canadien d'études ukrainiennes (CIUS), (…)

The European parliamentary group The Left argues that the Commission accepted without mandate a harmful agreement with the US, created a democratic deficit in the agreement with Mercosur, maintained its inaction in the face of genocide in Gaza and “demonstrated incapacity and lack of will to address the worsening social and climate crises”.
The European parliamentary group The Left presented this Thursday a motion of no confidence against the European Commission.
This motion is based on (…)

The Fourth International was founded on 3 September 1938. We are publishing for the first on International Viewpoint this article by Ernest Mandel published for the fiftieth anniversary, in 1988.
This essay was first published in Revolutionary Marxism and social reality in the 20^th century: collected essays, ed. and with an introd. by Steve Bloom, Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1994, pp. 143-178.
I. Conjuncture and structure
It has been alleged that the founding of the (…)