How often do you eat takeaway food? What about pre-prepared ready meals? Or maybe just microwaving some leftovers you had in the fridge? In any of these cases, there’s a pretty good chance the container was made out of plastic. Considering that they can be an extremely affordable option, are there any potential downsides we need to be aware of? We decided to investigate.

Scientific research increasingly shows that heating food in plastic packaging can release microplastics and plastic chemicals into the food we eat. A new Greenpeace International review of peer-reviewed studies finds that microwaving plastic food containers significantly increases this release, raising concerns about long-term human health impacts. This article summarises what the science says, what remains uncertain, and what needs to change. 

There’s no shortage of research showing how microplastics and nanoplastics have made their way throughout the environment, from snowy mountaintops and Arctic ice, into the beetles, slugs, snails and earthworms at the bottom of the food chain. It’s a similar story with humans, with microplastics found in blood, placenta, lungs, liver and plenty of other places. On top of this, there’s some 16,000 chemicals known to be either present or used in plastic, with a bit over a quarter of those chemicals already identified as being of concern. And there are already just under 1,400 chemicals that have been found in people.

Not just food packaging, but plenty of household items either contain or are made from plastic, meaning they potentially could be a source of exposure as well. So if microplastics and chemicals are everywhere (including inside us), how are they getting there? Should we be concerned that a lot of our food is packaged in plastic? 

Plastic food packaging: the good, the bad, and the ugly

The growing trend towards ready meals, online shopping and restaurant delivery, and away from home-prepared meals and individual grocery shopping, is happening in every region of the world. Since the first microwaveable TV dinners were introduced in the US in the 1950s to sell off excess stock of turkey meat after Thanksgiving holidays, pre-packaged ready meals have grown hugely in sales. The global market is worth $190bn in 2025, and is expected to reach a total volume of 71.5 million tonnes by 2030. It’s also predicted that the top five global markets for convenience food (China, USA, Japan, Mexico and Russia) will remain relatively unchanged up to 2030, with the most revenue in 2019 generated by the North America region.

A new report from Greenpeace International set out to analyse articles in peer-reviewed, scientific journals to look at what exactly the research has to say about plastic food packaging and food contact plastics.

Here’s what we found.

Our review of 24 recent articles highlights a consistent picture that regulators, businesses and consumers should be concerned about: when food is packaged in plastic and then microwaved, this significantly increases the risk of both microplastic and chemical release, and that these microplastics and chemicals will leach into the food inside the packaging. 

And not just some, but a lot of microplastics and chemicals.

When polystyrene and polypropylene containers filled with water were microwaved after being stored in the fridge or freezer, one study found they released anywhere between 100,000-260,000 microplastic particles, and another found that five minutes of microwave heating could release between 326,000-534,000 particles into food. 

Similarly there are a wide range of chemicals that can be and are released when plastic is heated. Across different plastic types, there are estimated to be around 16,000 different chemicals that can either be used or present in plastics, and of these around 4,200 are identified as being hazardous, whilst many others lack any form of identification (hazardous or otherwise) at all.

The research also showed that 1,396 food contact plastic chemicals have been found in humans, several of which are known to be hazardous to human health. At the same time, there are many chemicals for which no research into the long-term effects on human health exists.

Ultimately, we are left with evidence pointing towards increased release of microplastics and plastic chemicals into food from heating, the regular migration of microplastics and chemicals into food, and concerns around what long-term impacts these substances have on human health, which range from uncertain to identified harm.

The known unknowns of plastic chemicals and microplastics

The problem here (aside from the fact that plastic chemicals are routinely migrating into our food), is that often we don’t have any clear research or information on what long-term impacts these chemicals have on human health. This is true of both the chemicals deliberately used in plastic production (some of which are absolutely toxic, like antimony which is used to make PET plastic), as well as in what’s called non-intentionally added substances (NIAS).

NIAS refers to chemicals which have been found in plastic, and typically originate as impurities, reaction by-products, or can even form later when meals are heated. One study found that a UV stabiliser plastic additive reacted with potato starch when microwaved to create a previously unknown chemical compound. 

We’ve been here before: lessons from tobacco, asbestos and lead

Although none of this sounds particularly great, this is not without precedence. Between what we do and don’t know, waiting for perfect evidence is costly both economically and in terms of human health. With tobacco, asbestos, and lead, a similar story to what we’re seeing now has played out before. After initial evidence suggesting problems and toxicity, lobbyists from these industries pushed back to sow doubt about the scientific validity of the findings, delaying meaningful action. And all the while, between 1950-2000, tobacco alone led to the deaths of around 60 million people. Whilst distinguishing between correlation and causation, and finding proper evidence is certainly important, it’s also important to take preventative action early, rather than wait for more people to be hurt in order to definitively prove the point.

Where to from here?

This is where adopting the precautionary principle comes in.

This means shifting the burden of proof away from consumers and everyone else to prove that a product is definitely harmful (e.g. it’s definitely this particular plastic that caused this particular problem), and onto the manufacturer to prove that their product is definitely safe. This is not a new idea, and plenty of examples of this exist already, such as the EU’s REACH regulation, which is centred around the idea of “no data, no market” – manufacturers are obligated to provide data demonstrating the safety of their product in order to be sold.

But as it stands currently, the precautionary principle isn’t applied to plastics. For REACH in particular, plastics are assessed on a risk-based approach, which means that, as the plastic industry itself has pointed out, something can be identified as being extremely hazardous, but is still allowed to be used in production if the leached chemical stays below “safe” levels, despite that for some chemicals a “safe” low dose is either undefined, unknown, or doesn’t exist.

A better path forward

Governments aren’t acting fast enough to reduce our exposure and protect our health. There’s no shortage of things we can do to improve this situation. The most critical one is to make and consume less plastic. This is a global problem that requires a strong Global Plastics Treaty that reduces global plastic production by at least 75% by 2040 and eliminates harmful plastics and chemicals. And it’s time that corporations take this growing threat to their customers’ health seriously, starting with their food packaging and food contact products. Here are a number of specific actions policymakers and companies can take, and helpful hints for consumers.

Policymakers & companies

• Implement the precautionary principle:
  • For policymakers – Stop the use of hazardous plastics and chemicals, on the basis of their intrinsic risk, rather than an assessment of “safe” levels of exposure.
  • For companies – Commit to ensure that there is a “zero release” of microplastics and hazardous chemicals from packaging into food, alongside an Action Plan with milestones to achieve this by 2035
• Stop giving false assurances to consumers about “microwave safe” containers
• Stop the use of single-use and plastic packaging, and implement policies and incentives to foster the uptake of reuse systems and non-toxic packaging alternatives.

Consumers

• Encourage your local supermarkets and shops to shift away from plastic where possible
• Avoid using plastic containers when heating/reheating food
• Use non-plastic refill containers

Trying to dodge plastic can be exhausting. If you’re feeling overwhelmed, you’re not alone. We can only do so much in this broken plastic-obsessed system. Plastic producers and polluters need to be held accountable, and governments need to act faster to protect the health of people and the planet. We urgently need global governments to accelerate a justice-centred transition to a healthier, reuse-based, zero-waste future. Ensure your government doesn’t waste this once-in-a-generation opportunity to end the age of plastic.

Let’s end the age of plastic!

Ask world leaders to support Global Plastic Treaty so that we can finally turn off the tap and end the age of plastic.

Take action

Take action: Sign the Global Plastics Treaty petition for a safer and healthier planet.

Daniel Read is a Greenpeace US plastics campaigner based in Brisbane, Australia.

Amsterdam – Heating plastic-packaged ready meals and takeaways in the microwave or oven can release hundreds of thousands of micro- and nanoplastic particles along with a cocktail of toxic chemicals directly into food, according to a new Greenpeace International analysis of peer-reviewed science.

The report, Are We Cooked? The Hidden Health Risks of Plastic-Packaged Ready Meals, reviewed 24 recent scientific studies and finds that convenience food items marketed as “safe-to heat” are in fact potentially exposing millions of people to invisible contaminants every day.

Graham Forbes, Global Plastics Campaign Lead from Greenpeace USA, said:

“People think they’re making a harmless choice when they buy and heat a meal packaged in plastic. In reality, we are being exposed to a cocktail of microplastics and hazardous chemicals that should never be in or near our food. Governments have let the petrochemicals and plastics industries turn our kitchens into testing labs. This report shows that corporate claims of “microwave-safe” are no more than wishful thinking. ”

Key findings are:

• Microwaving plastic containers can release hundreds of thousands of micro- and nanoplastics in minutes. One study found 326,000 to 534,000 particles leaching into food simulants after just five minutes of microwave heating, up to seven times more than oven heating.
• Heating dramatically increases chemical contamination. Across multiple studies, microwave test samples of common plastics such as polypropylene and polystyrene leached chemical additives into food or food simulants, including plasticisers and antioxidants.
• More than 4,200 hazardous chemicals are known to be used in or present in plastics, most are not regulated in food packaging. Some, like bisphenols, phthalates, PFAS “forever chemicals” and even toxic metals such as antimony, are linked to cancer, infertility, hormone disruption and metabolic disease.
• Plastic chemicals are already in our bodies. At least 1,396 food contact plastic chemicals have been detected in human bodies, with growing evidence linking exposure to neurodevelopmental disorders, cardiovascular disease, obesity and type 2 diabetes.
• Old, scratched or reused containers are worse. Worn plastic releases nearly double the number of microplastic particles compared to new packaging.

Plastic-packaged ready meals are one of the fastest-growing segments of the global food system, worth nearly US$190 billion and rising sharply as households rely more on convenience food, according to a research done by Towards FnB. In 2024, production of ready meals amounted to a global volume of 71 million tonnes, averaging 12.6 kg per person, with the cost of a ready meal and revenue per capita also expected to increase, according to a market research published by Statista. International Energy Agency analysis also showed that plastic packaging accounts for about 36% of all plastics, with global plastic production set to more than double by 2050 from current levels.

Regulators have failed to keep up. There is insufficient regulatory guidance around the world on microplastics released from food packaging, and labels such as “microwave safe” or “oven safe” provide what the report calls false reassurance to consumers.

The report warns that the plastics crisis is following the same pattern seen with tobacco, asbestos and lead. While there are overwhelming scientific warning signs, it has been met with industry denial and regulatory delay.

In the U.S. alone, the social cost of plastic across its lifecycle is estimated to be up to US$1.1 trillion per year, according to a report by Duke University.

As governments negotiate the UN Global Plastics Treaty, Greenpeace is urging negotiators to act on the precautionary principle and end this uncontrolled and unregulated plastic and chemical contamination that threatens human health.

“Are we being poisoned while trying to feed our families? The risk is clear, the stakes are high and the time to act is now. We cannot rely on misleading promises from corporations. Governments must act now by delivering a strong Global Plastics Treaty that protects human health and cuts plastic production at the source,” Forbes said.

ENDS

Photos can be accessed in the Greenpeace Media Library.

Contacts:

Angelica Carballo Pago, Global Plastics Campaign Media Lead, Greenpeace USA, +63 917 1124492, angelica.pago@greenpeace.org

Greenpeace International Press Desk, +31 (0) 20 718 2470 (available 24 hours), pressdesk.int@greenpeace.org

Ready meals and takeaways promise convenience – hot food, fast. The labels on the plastic trays reassure us that they are ‘safe’ to heat in a microwave or oven. But are we exposed to potentially dangerous microplastics and chemical additives along with our food?

We decided to check. Greenpeace International’s analysis of 24 research papers in peer-reviewed scientific journals found that the plastics we use to package our food are exposing us to health risks – and none more so than heated ready meals and takeaways.

Regulators and the industry are failing to act on the plastics problem, which is already causing a global waste crisis, yet the production of plastic is set to more than double by 2050 from current levels. The fossil fuel and petrochemical industry is banking on this for its future growth – and relying on the growing trend for plastic packaged ready meals.

Past experience shows that the costs to society multiply when action is delayed by the denial of convincing scientific evidence. This has led to health and environmental disasters, from tobacco, to asbestos, to hazardous chemicals. When it comes to plastics, we already know that their global health impacts are costing trillions, and have more than enough evidence to act.

Download the report:

Are We Cooked? The Hidden Health Risks of Plastic-Packaged Ready Meals

Greenpeace has given new meaning to a statue in New Zealand, occupied an airport for 36 hours, and celebrated Valentine’s Day with a political march. Here are a few of our favourite images from Greenpeace work this week. Comment below which you like best!

New Zealand – Greenpeace Aotearoa turned the iconic Rakaia salmon statue into a cartoon-style ‘dead fish’, adding crosses for eyes and a speech bubble reading ‘Fonterra killed my family’, in a protest over dairy industry pollution. The town of Rakaia had recently made headlines after a local fishing competition announced that they would no longer be competing over fish size due to the drop in salmon numbers. Instead, anyone who caught a fish would be entered into a raffle for prizes.

The Netherlands – Activists from Greenpeace Netherlands occupy the main terminal of Lelystad Airport, Netherlands. The group is calling on the new government to cancel plans for opening the airport to commercial leisure traffic.

Closing Lelystad Airport creates space for something much better. The activists are visualising this through an artwork made of Post-its in the main building. On these Post-its, alternative plans for the airport are written, submitted by people via an idea box.

France – Greenpeace France proclaims its love for places embodying values ​​threatened by the rise of the far right.

One month before the municipal elections of 15 and 22 March 2026 (a crucial vote for the future of local solidarity), Greenpeace France volunteers mobilised on Valentine’s Day to publicly affirm their commitment to places essential to local life: spaces of solidarity, culture, rights, and ecology.

They aim to raise public awareness of a major political issue: the rise of the far right and its concrete consequences on local life.

The volunteers went to Place de l’Amarre and the Grand Marché in Toulon to talk with passersby.

Italy – On the day of the first meeting of the ‘Board of Peace’ for Gaza, Amnesty International Italy and Greenpeace Italy brought a giant screen in front of government building (Palazzo Chigi) and the Ministry of Defense (Farnesina Palace), displaying images of Israeli bombings since last October’s ceasefire agreement, to denounce the continued violations of the truce in the Gaza Strip. The screen also displayed messages such as: ‘Does this look like a truce to you?’, ‘130 days of ceasefire, 600 Palestinians killed’, and the demands of ‘Enough weapons to Israel’ and ‘Stop the genocide in Gaza’ addressed to the Meloni government and the international community.

Greenpeace has been a pioneer of photo activism for more than 50 years, and remains committed to bearing witness and exposing environmental injustice through the images we capture.

To see more Greenpeace photos and videos, visit our Media Library.

On 24 February 2026, the world marks the fourth anniversary of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. While global headlines are filled with news about negotiations and attempts to inspire hope for peace, the Greenpeace Ukraine office is experiencing Russia’s so-called “peaceful intentions” firsthand. For several months now, staff members have had only a few hours of electricity and heating per day, often without hot water, without the ability to use elevators, or to cook meals for themselves and their children.

From day one, Russia’s colonial war has been aimed at destroying Ukraine’s existence as an independent and sovereign state with its own culture and language, deliberately targeting  civilians, homes, cities, and critical infrastructure. Today, in the 12th year of Russia’s war and the fourth year of the full-scale invasion, Ukraine is facing the deepest energy crisis in its history – a crisis deliberately and systematically created by Russian attacks.

Energy grid strikes are no accident

Since the start of 2026 alone, 217 attacks on Ukraine’s energy infrastructure have been reported. In January Russia fired more than 6,000 attack drones, around 5,500 guided aerial bombs, and 158 missiles of various types at infrastructure. Thermal power plants, substations, and district heating facilities are repeatedly targeted by Russian missiles and drones. 

These strikes are not accidental – they are part of a deliberate strategy of energy collapse. The goal is simple: to leave people without light, heat, and water, to turn winter into another front of the war, and to force Ukraine to surrender.

While repairs continue, frequent power disruptions leave many families in freezing conditions in the coldest winter in more than a decade. In many Ukrainian cities with district heating systems, electricity is supplied for only a few hours a day, often at night. Businesses, hospitals, schools, and public spaces are forced to operate at the edge of their capacity or shut down altogether, as diesel generators cannot sustain 12–15 hours of continuous operation. At the same time, air raid sirens, drones, and missiles have become the background of everyday life for millions of people.

We need a decentralised and renewable energy system

It is precisely in this darkness that Ukraine has gained a very clear understanding: a centralised energy system based on nuclear generation, Russian gas, and fossil fuels is highly vulnerable to war. By contrast, decentralised renewable energy solutions with energy storage save lives.

During Russia’s war against Ukraine it became clear that green technologies are no longer just about climate, environmental protection, or cost savings. In Ukraine, they have become a matter of survival, security, and resilience. Decentralised solar panels, heat pumps, batteries, and autonomous power systems have proven their effectiveness in the most extreme conditions. They work when the centralised grid is destroyed. They are harder to eliminate with a single strike and much faster to install or replace. They provide heat, light, and water where it may seem that nothing is left.

Patients in hospitals and outpatient clinics can receive vaccinations and medical care on time. Children in schools and kindergartens have alternative power for learning and for staying in shelters – they can wait out danger in warmth and light. Residents of multi-apartment buildings have reliable heat from the energy of the earth. Green solutions are already working today, offering support and hope in extremely difficult times.

Green energy solutions are generating hope

That is why Greenpeace CEE continues to work in Ukraine during the war. We remain here because this work is critically important right now. Since 2022, our international team, together with local communities, partners, and donors, has been implementing renewable energy projects – from solar systems for medical facilities to comprehensive solutions for communities.

One of the most striking examples is the green reconstruction of a multi-apartment building in Trostyanets – a city near the Russian border that suffered occupation and destruction. Today, this building is the first multi-apartment residential building in Ukraine where both space heating and hot water supply are provided exclusively by heat pumps. For us, this is not just a restored building. It is a practical model of Ukraine’s future energy system – decentralised, resilient, and secure. 

Towards energy security and peace

Ukraine’s experience clearly demonstrates that renewable energy is not something for “after the war” or “when things get better.” It is a solution that must be implemented during war if we want to protect people and reduce society’s vulnerability to violence and authoritarianism. Every solar panel, every heat pump, every battery energy storage system is a step towards energy security, independence, and peace.

We believe that Ukraine’s future is green, just, and safe. That is why we stay here, work here, and will continue to do so – together with people who prove every day that even in the darkest times, it is possible to build light.

At the same time, we call on the entire world:

• Stop consuming and buying Russian gas – it fuels war and killing.
  
• Stop doing business with the nuclear blackmailer Rosatom – it must not build new nuclear power plants in Europe and must be punished with sanctions.
  
• Increase pressure on Russia’s shadow fleet so that it cannot finance new missiles and drones.

Today, every country, every government, and every conscious individual can help bring real peace closer.

The campaign to end fossil fuel sponsorship of the Olympic Games has escalated rapidly in recent weeks, placing the International Olympic Committee (IOC) under growing public pressure.

It began with a simple question: How can a company whose core business is fuelling the climate crisis, sponsor the Winter Olympics, an event that depends on stable snow and ice?

Greenpeace Italy launched a satirical video exposing the contradiction at the heart of Eni’s sponsorship of the Milan Cortina 2026 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games. Eni is one of the biggest oil and gas companies in the world. 

It highlighted the absurdity of a fossil fuel giant associating itself with winter sport while its emissions contribute to shrinking snow seasons and melting glaciers. 

It struck a chord. The video, which generated over 3.5 million views across digital platforms, was shared by professional athletes Swedish skier Emelie Forsberg and British ultra runner Damian Hall, and triggered widespread international media coverage.

Talking FACTS, not feelings 

The satire is backed up by science. As things are, by the 2080s more than half of suitable locations will be unable to host the Winter Olympics, according to a rigorous 2024 scientific study commissioned by the IOC. 

Eni’s annual fossil fuel emissions could melt enough glacier ice to fill 2.5 million Olympic swimming pools, according to research that shows that for every 1 kg of CO2  we put into the air, we eventually lose about 15.8 kg of glacier ice.

Shortly after the video release, Greenpeace Italy took the message to the streets of Milan. In Piazza Duomo, activists installed Olympic Rings appearing to drip oil. The visual was stark and deliberate. The Olympic Rings should represent excellence and respect. Instead, they are being used to soften the image of a company whose business model depends on expanding oil and gas production. The installation again drew extensive global media attention.

At the same time, Ski Fossil Free, led by Norwegian skier and filmmaker Nikolai Schirmer, delivered a petition with more than 21,000 signatures, including Olympians, to the IOC. Separately, a campaign led by athletes by For Future Games called for an end to fossil fuel sponsorship. Greenpeace supporters have also mobilised in large numbers, adding their voices to the demand through a petition.

When the issue was raised directly with IOC President Kirsty Coventry at a daily press briefing, rather than engaging with the substance of the concerns, Coventry responded with general statements that the IOC is always trying to do better and that she welcomes athletes having a voice.

View this post on Instagram

A post shared by Greenpeace International (@greenpeace)

Welcoming athletes’ voices is not the same as responding to them. Athletes, fans and winter communities are asking the IOC to end partnerships that allow fossil fuel corporations to use the Olympic brand as a tool for greenwashing. To sidestep that request while praising participation is not leadership. It diminishes the severity of the concerns being raised.

Eni’s history of greenwashing 

Eni’s role in the climate crisis is real and undisputed by anyone not in the pocket of Big Oil. Oil and gas corporations like Eni reportedly spend tens of millions of dollars on sporting sponsorships to distract from the environmental damage caused by their operations. 

Greenpeace Italy is currently being sued by Eni after stating that the company harms people. That statement was based on a Greenpeace Netherlands calculation that Eni’s self reported 2022 emissions could cause 27,000 excess deaths due to increased temperature alone before the end of the century. Instead of addressing the evidence, Eni has turned to legal intimidation.

Against this backdrop, fossil fuel sponsorship of the Winter Games makes a mockery of the Olympic values of respect for people and the environment. The climate crisis is already placing mountain communities and winter tourism under strain. The ski industry supports millions of livelihoods across Europe, and 60 million Europeans ski each year. Without a rapid transition away from fossil fuels, winter sports face an existential threat.

View this post on Instagram

A post shared by Greenpeace International (@greenpeace)

Public concern is not limited to a single action. In Milan, Greenpeace Italy joined a broad coalition of civil society groups at a protest rally highlighting the unsustainable nature and climate impact of the Games. Greenpeace’s message from that demonstration was clear: ‘Protect the integrity of the Olympics. Do not allow them to become a platform for polluters.’

Stop Eni’s Olympics sponsorship

From the outset, Greenpeace International and Greenpeace Italy have offered the IOC a constructive path forward sending them an open letter. The Olympic movement has previously shown leadership by banning tobacco advertising. It can do so again by ending fossil fuel sponsorship across all Olympic and Paralympic Games. The IOC occupies a unique position of global influence. Choosing integrity over greenwashing would send a powerful signal far beyond sport.

Oilympics: The Games on Thin Ice

Fossil fuel companies are greenwashing their image by sponsoring big sporting events to hide their destruction. Don’t let them get away with it.

Add your name

Eni is responsible for its pollution. But the IOC is responsible for the partners it chooses. By continuing to accept fossil fuel sponsorship, it risks becoming complicit in polishing the public image of companies whose core business threatens the future of the very Games they sponsor. The question now is simple: Will the IOC listen to athletes, fans and scientists and end fossil fuel sponsorship? Or will it continue to shelter planet heating corporations behind the Olympic Rings?

Martin Zavan is a freelance communications specialist with Greenpeace International, based in Sydney, Australia.

This blog was edited on 19 February 2026 to reflect that the ‘Oilympics’ video garnered over 3.5 million views and not nearly 7 million views as originally reported.