A toxic troika of extractivism, authoritarianism and war

A new report – the most far-reaching analysis of environment and environmentalism in Russia since 2022 – shows how Putin’s regime relies on a toxic troika of extractivism, authoritarianism and war. Fossil fuels finance war. War justifies repression. Authoritarianism shields elites from scrutiny while blocking demands for justice. Its veil of disinformation, propaganda and control of information is now so thick that free reporting on Russia now depends on information gathered from outside its borders: the world’s largest country has become a void of reliable information.

This cycle devastates nature, dismantles institutions, oppresses societies, and poses a systemic threat to global security and environmental stability. Russia’s unprovoked aggression against Ukraine is also a danger to the wider world – but, frighteningly, it can provoke other cases. Its hostility is a warning to the world of how far an authoritarian regime based on fossil fuel economy can go. 

Russia’s aggression against Ukraine

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine sent shockwaves around the world. It has brought death, devastation and displacement to millions, triggered one of the largest refugee crises of the 21st century, and upended energy, trade, finance and food systems worldwide. Over three years since Russia’s full-scale assault in February 2022 – which itself came after eight years of illegal occupation of Crimea and parts of Donetsk and Luhansk – the consequences of Russia’s invasion continue to reverberate. Russia’s occupation and weaponisation of Ukraine’s nuclear power plants, including Europe’s largest, not only presents a chilling reminder of the Soviet era Chornobyl disaster that sent a cloud of radiation – and existential terror – as far away as North Africa and Canada. It also creates an unprecedented, more direct and more sinister threat to Europe and the wider world.

From the Arctic to Africa: a global threat with global consequences

Natural systems in such a large country as Russia have an enormous influence on global environmental and climate stability. Nearly half of Russia is forest, which, alongside vast tundra, wetlands and permafrost, stores immense carbon reserves and safeguards biodiversity (see chapter 4: Biodiversity Crisis). Forest loss could accelerate the climate crisis and trigger irreversible ecological damage but under Kremlin policy, these ecosystems risk losing resilience fast: over half of Russia’s forest is deemed exploitable; fires spread unchecked; permafrost thaws, and fragile habitats fragment.

Meanwhile, the risks of environmental and technological disasters continue to grow. Corruption, ageing infrastructure and dismantled oversight systems make spills, leaks and industrial accidents more likely (see chapter 1: Socioeconomic Context). One doesn’t have to look far for an example: in December 2024, a disaster in the Black Sea, affecting the Russian coast as well as the coast of temporarily occupied  Crimea, made headlines worldwide, when reportedly several thousand tons of heavy fuel oil spilled into the water after two tankers wrecked in a storm in the Kerch Strait. Thousands of volunteers rushed to clean the coastline and protect wildlife, while the authorities once again failed to deliver an adequate response to a disaster rooted in their fossil-fuel-dependent system.

The Russian Arctic is now a militarised and ecologically vulnerable zone. Warming four times faster than the global average, it is under pressure from oil and gas drilling, military expansion, and the breakdown of international cooperation. Indigenous Peoples are being displaced from their land, their rights ignored and livelihoods destroyed.

Beyond its borders, Russia exports its extractivist model. Through fossil fuel projects in Uganda, Egypt, Mozambique and beyond – and nuclear deals pushed by state nuclear corporation Rosatom, which is implicated in war crimes allegations at Ukraine’s Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant – Russia locks countries into dependency while enriching elites. International actors remain complicit: many states and corporations continue buying Russian oil, gas and raw materials, sustaining war, repression and destruction. Greenpeace activists worldwide, however, continue to speak out boldly, urging their governments to sanction Russia’s shadow fleet and halt purchases of Russian fossil fuels.

At global forums like G20 and BRICS+, Russia systematically obstructs and sabotages international cooperation, hiding behind “resource sovereignty” to weaken binding climate and biodiversity agreements. Many of its “green” organisations are state-controlled, while genuine environmental governance has collapsed into imitation initiatives and propaganda.

A warning to the world 

The lesson for the world is stark: when countries promote reckless extractivism or elites profiteering from destruction, or let fossil fuels dominate their economies, they risk sliding into the same dangerous cycle. The erosion of democracy, the fog of propaganda, and the silencing of dissent go hand in hand with environmental collapse and vicious war-mongering.

The Kremlin has cracked down on civil society, dismantling independent organisations and shrinking access to environmental information. Public oversight is almost impossible – but groundbreaking analysis like this proves reporting can cut through the silence. Moreover, it shows that environmental issues remain one of the few areas where ordinary Russians still find solidarity, even under severe constraints. Many organizations were forced to be closed, and many activists had to leave the home country. Those who remain tend to avoid confrontational topics, use coded language, and focus on expert reports, online petitions, or participation in state advisory councils. Local ecological protests, such as against landfills or industrial projects, continue and sometimes yield local victories, but systemic change is rare amidst the state intimidation.

Greenpeace Russia was forcibly closed after 30 years of defending forests, rivers and communities. But repression has not silenced the movement.

Twelve years ago, the Arctic 30 were arrested at gunpoint for peacefully protesting Arctic oil drilling. Their detention sparked a global outcry, and they were freed after three months. Russia was ordered to pay damages. The episode reminded the world of the power of solidarity, as people across the globe stood together to defend international activists risking their freedom to speak out for the planet. 

…as the hope for resistance endures, solidarity continues to grow

Today, grassroots resistance in Russia still connects with international allies, keeping alive the hope of a sustainable alternative. Russia holds enormous potential for a different path: vast renewable resources, rich biodiversity, scientific expertise and strong public concern for the environment. But unlocking that potential requires fundamental change: an end to aggressions, restoration of civil society, a shift away from extractivism towards sustainability and others. Even as Putin’s assault on civic space in Russia continues, the environment remains one of the few subjects where civic engagement persists — offering potential that, if nurtured, could contribute to broader shifts in Russian society. 

Russia is a warning for other countries whose government agenda depends on fossil fuel extraction, authoritarian rule and militarism. It is also a powerful reminder: without resistance there is no fair, green and peaceful future.

But repression breeds resistance – and Greenpeace continues to bear witness and break the silence. Governments and powerful elites have tried to silence us before, by bombing our ship, suing Greenpeace entities, shutting down offices and attempting to erase our existence. It didn’t work then, and it won’t work now. Our movement is global. It is unstoppable.Solidarity fuels hope. Together, we can resist, rebuild and create a fairer, greener and more peaceful future.

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2025 has been yet another year marked by some serious climate emergencies. Throughout the year, we saw irregular weather patterns, back-to-back typhoons, torrential rains, flash floods, forest fires, and polar vortexes — all of which are exacerbated by the fossil fuel-caused climate crisis. These climate disasters have resulted to thousands of people dying, and millions being forced to leave their homes. This is the reality for so many people all around the world, many of whom have contributed the least amount of climate damage.

But the stark contrast to these disasters are the images of courage and hope that we saw year-round: everyday folks rising up against all odds to take charge of their destiny, demanding a better future for all. People from different parts of the world, including Thailand, Sri Lanka, Mexico, Cameroon, Romania, Brazil, the Philippines, and Kenya, have chosen to seek solutions and demand reparations from polluters who have long taken advantage of natural resources, people’s livelihoods, and our collective future. The resilience, bravery, and hope of these people have been the most inspiring, and will fuel the future where we will no longer be taken for granted by the billionaires who only seek to achieve personal gain.

These images fill us with the promise that 2026 will be a continuation of people power; of standing up for our rights and for the next generations. They are a reminder that we need to hold governments and polluting corporations accountable — and that we need the systems to shift towards an equitable and just world where everyone is winning. 

Overwhelmed by the sheer volume of images this year, below is a small selection of the most inspiring images of 2025.

Thailand:  Activists from Greenpeace Thailand gathered at an iconic place in Bangkok, Thailand, to show solidarity with the global movement for climate justice. Holding banners reading “We will not be silenced” and “Stop Big Oil Bullies”, the group called for an end to the intimidation tactics used by fossil fuel companies like Energy Transfer, attempting to intimidate climate activists, journalists, and anyone who dares speak truth to power.

Poland: Greenpeace Poland activists on kayaks in Gdansk demanded an urgent ratification of the Ocean Treaty. For more than two decades, Greenpeace and other civil society organizations have been seeking a Global Oceans Treaty to protect marine ecosystems from harmful industries,  the Global Ocean Treaty. More than 60 countries have now ratified the agreement. This is a massive achievement for all the activists, supporters and allies who stood up and raised their voices for ocean protection in recent years. 

Australia: A shark handler and Greenpeace RHIB team free a blue shark caught on a longline in the Pacific Ocean. The blue shark is currently listed as “Near Threatened” globally by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Greenpeace Australia Pacific took action to stop an industrial longlining fishing operation in the South Pacific Ocean, seizing more than 20 kilometres of fishing gear and freeing nine sharks, including an endangered mako, near Australia and New Zealand.

New Zealand: The Rainbow Warrior is lit up as a “beacon of resistance” in Auckland today on the eve of the 40th anniversary of the bombing of the original Rainbow Warrior by French Government agents in 1985. Twenty crew and Greenpeace Aotearoa staff and volunteers hold letters of light spelling out the iconic phrase, You Can’t Sink A Rainbow.

Brazil: Between August 5 and 7, the Greenpeace Brazil Volunteer Team was in Brasília to participate in the 4th Indigenous Women’s March, which this year carried the theme: “Our Body, Our Territory: We Are Guardians of the Planet for the Healing of the Earth.” During the march, we joined forces with Indigenous women from across Brazil, carrying our banner reading “VET IT, LULA” in protest against the so-called “PL da Devastação”, which threatens to weaken environmental licensing and put forests, rivers, and traditional ways of life at risk.  We also distributed themed hand fans, which featured information about the Indigenous Women’s House — a crucial initiative that provides shelter and specialized care. This meeting marked a significant step toward advancing public policies that ensure the protection and dignity of Indigenous women.

United Kingdom: Greenpeace UK climbers install a major new work by renowned artist Anish Kapoor titled  BUTCHERED onto a Shell platform in the North Sea – the world’s first artwork to be installed at an active offshore gas site. After securing a giant 12m x 8m canvas to one side of the structure, the activists hoisted a high-pressure hose onto the canvas at a height of 16 metres above the sea. They then pumped 1,000 litres of blood-red liquid that gushed into the fabric, creating a vast crimson stain. The work is a stark visualisation of the wound inflicted on both humanity and the Earth by the fossil fuel industry, evocative of our collective grief and pain at what has been lost, but also a cry for reparation.

The Philippines: Impacts of the combined effects of Severe Tropical Storm “Crising” (International name: Wipha) and the southwest monsoon’s torrential rains are being felt across the Philippines—flooding communities like those in Calumpit, Bulacan, and disrupting lives, livelihoods, and even important moments like weddings. Southeast Asia’s extended monsoon season brought in relentless rains in Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia, causing some of the worst flooding in recent history. Over a hundred people have died in the region, and thousands have been forced to leave their homes.⁣

Brazil: Greenpeace Brazil conducted an aerial survey in the Amazon region to monitor deforestation and forest fires. The flight documented cattle ranches, deforested areas, and environmental destruction. Influencers were invited to participate in the survey, helping to amplify the urgency of protecting the forest by sharing their experiences and reactions.

Cameroon:  In Cameroon, Greenpeace Africa volunteers Yaoundé and Buea will contribute through photo-ops, using visual storytelling to highlight environmental injustices and amplify the voices of youth demanding change.

Switzerland: The peaceful protest marks the last in a series of creative interventions calling on policymakers to tax the super-rich, who represent 1% of the world’s population, and redirect tax revenues towards affordable green housing, public transportation, and climate and environmental action, to support communities and protect the planet.

United Kingdom: Greenpeace UK activists pour 300 litres of blood-red dye into the US Embassy pond in London, to highlight the death and devastation caused in Gaza as a direct result of the US’ continued sale of weapons, ammunition and military hardware to Israel. Twelve activists tipped the non-toxic, biodegradable dye from containers emblazoned with the words ‘Stop Arming Israel’ into the large pond located in front of the embassy building in Nine Elms, south-west London.

 United States of America (USA): A bold “Make Polluters Pay” projection lit up Houston during CERAWeek—the fossil fuel industry’s so-called “Super Bowl”—calling out Big Oil for its central role in driving the climate crisis. The campaign demands that the industry not only be held accountable for past damage, but also be forced to fund the costs of preparing our communities for the escalating impacts of climate change.

Actions and protests make up the soul of Greenpeace. Every time an activist is climbing an oil rig or holding up a banner, I hope this inspires people across the globe to also take their own action. 2025 was a highly active year, with actions taking place in various cities and seas worldwide, representing the core of Greenpeace’s values.

Check out some of the best images from our action teams across the world in 2025.

Volunteers from Greenpeace Brazil unveiled a 12-meter banner with the message “Respect the Amazon” during Lady Gaga’s pre-show in Copacabana on May 3.

On the third annual day of Russia starting the war against Ukraine, fifteen Greenpeace activists protest against environmentally damaging Russian oil exports using run-down tankers from the so-called shadow fleet on the Baltic Sea off Rostock. From inflatable boats, the Polish, Swedish, Danish, Ukrainian and German environmentalists painted ‘RISK!’ in large yellow letters on the tankers’ side as the ‘Prosperity’ passed by.

A team from Greenpeace Italy and Greenpeace Germany projected the message “Hear my cry for help” onto the Presena glacier in the Italian Alps to denounce how climate change is contributing to its melting and the consequences of losing a vital water reserve.

Greenpeace activists free a blue shark caught on a longline in the Pacific  Ocean.  The blue shark is currently listed as “Near Threatened” globally by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Greenpeace Australia Pacific took action to stop an industrial longlining fishing operation in the South Pacific Ocean, seizing more than 20 kilometres of fishing gear and freeing nine sharks, including an endangered mako, near Australia and New Zealand.

Greenpeace climbers install a major new work by renowned artist Anish Kapoor titled  BUTCHERED onto a Shell platform in the North Sea – the world’s first artwork to be installed at an active offshore gas site. After securing a giant 12m x 8m canvas to one side of the structure, the activists hoisted a high-pressure hose on top of the canvas at a height of 16 metres above the sea. They then pumped 1,000 litres of blood-red liquid that gushed into the fabric, creating a vast crimson stain. The work is a stark visualisation of the wound inflicted on both humanity and the Earth by the fossil fuel industry, evocative of our collective grief and pain at what has been lost, but also a cry for reparation.

Greenpeace Indonesia holds a photo-op “Boots to boost justice” using fishers’ boots in Muara Baru fishery port, North Jakarta.

As part of World Oceans Day, Greenpeace Mexico hosted a Festival of Monumental Kites featuring various figures of marine species at Holi Beach. A group of 17 giant kites with colourful shapes that evoke the life that inhabits this great aquatic territory were displayed in the sky with the message “Without oceans there is no future”.

Activists from seven countries participate in an action with Greenpeace Italy against climate-wrecking fossil gas at the new liquefied gas import terminal in Ravenna. At sea, activists reached the infrastructure and attached large banners on it reading “Burn, baby, burn” referencing President Trump’s mantra “Drill, baby, drill” alongside an image of a burning Earth flanked by the faces of US President Donald Trump and Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni.

Greenpeace Africa joined local and Indigenous communities for the Forest Cultural Show (Indigenous People’s Day celebration) in Yaounde, Cameroon, to learn about their environmental protection efforts, share their cultures, and explore sustainable solutions for the future. Together, they marked Indigenous Peoples’ Day. Greenpeace Africa documented how the communities apply ancestral knowledge and traditional practices to protect the forest and peatlands they depend on.

The Greenpeace ship Arctic Sunrise visited the Baltic Sea as part of the European campaign against fossil gas. There, Greenpeace activists from Poland, Ukraine, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and Italy paid a visit to the Nord Stream gas pipelines, which used to carry fossil gas from Russia to Europe. Greenpeace Poland demands a definitive shutdown of the Nord Stream pipelines, a phase-out of Russian fossil fuels by 2027, and a full phase-out of gas across the EU by 2035 at the latest.

The Rainbow Warrior, Greenpeace’s flagship that for decades has carried a message of defending life to every corner of the planet, is in Cartagena, Colombia, reminding us that the Amazon is not negotiable: it is respected and defended. During its passage through Colombia, on the way to COP30 to be held in Belém, Brazil, it reminded us of the urgency of stopping deforestation, protecting biodiversity and guaranteeing fair financing for indigenous peoples and local communities, who have cared for the forests for generations. In Belém, Greenpeace will demand concrete commitments: zero deforestation by 2030, direct financing and environmental governance that puts life as a priority.

A few hours before the start of the COP30 in Brazil today, a Greenpeace activist walked along a highline 30 meters above the center of Madrid with a 30-square-meter banner bearing the slogan “The planet on a tightrope.” With this unprecedented action, the environmental organization seeks to demand that the governments meeting at COP put an end to fossil fuels and deforestation by 2030, halfway through what the scientific community has called the decisive decade in the face of the climate emergency.

Greenpeace activists and volunteers march in the annual ‘We have had enough!’ protest for a more sustainable agriculture in Berlin. Environmental activists take to the streets with Greenpeace’s pig and cow balloons, banners, and signs.

Ahead of a federal election, Greenpeace Canada’s activists projected powerful messages on the world-famous Niagara Falls: “Don’t Trump Canada”, “Elbows up” and “RESIST”. Greenpeace Canada is calling out politicians like Trump and Poilievre for spreading fear and division, while polluting industries like oil & gas seek to take advantage of a crisis they helped create. Greenpeace Canada is asking Poilievre and all political parties to protect people and the environment, not polluters and billionaires. This projection was also a solidarity statement in support of Greenpeace US, who has been found liable for more than US$660 million in the Energy Transfer SLAPP trial.

The Rainbow Warrior arrives in Auckland, New Zealand, for the 40th anniversary of the bombing of the original Rainbow Warrior in Auckland by French Government agents in 1985. The Greenpeace flagship has just returned from taking action on bottom trawling on the Chatham Rise off New Zealand’s East Coast.

Malaysian actress Sharifah Sofia holds a banner reads “Stop Deep Sea Mining” in front of the deep-sea vessel “Hidden Gem” which is anchored at sea in Labuan, Malaysia. The Hidden Gem, owned by AllSeas and commissioned by The Metals Company, is the deep-sea mining industry’s flagship vessel. It is currently in Labuan, Malaysia, in long-term storage. The Metals Company confirmed in late April that they have submitted the first-ever commercial mining application to the US government, with the company stating they are “ready to go”.

Hundreds of people rally outside the “Summit on the Future of Energy Security”, in London. The summit is co-hosted by the UK government and the International Energy Agency and attended by officials from the pro-fossil fuels Trump administration. The demonstrators want an end to new drilling in UK waters, including new projects such as the controversial Rosebank oilfield, as well as a proper plan for transitioning the oil and gas workforce.